Massed Practice And Dictributive Practice Essays -

Massed Practice And Dictributive Practice Running head: MASSED PRACTICE AND DICTRIBUTIVE PRACTICE The Effects of Massed Practice and Distributive Practice on Motor Skill Task. Evelyn Delgado Queens College/ City University of New York Abstract Over a century scientist have wonder if massed practice conditions are superior to distributive practice conditions or visa versa. According to a mete-analytic review scientists have researched this very phenomenon and have concluded that distributive practices conditions are superior to those of massed practice conditions in a variety of situations. These results are supported by Maureen Bergondy's experiment on team practice schedules as well as William C. Chasey's experiment on distribution of practice on learning retention and relearning. This experiment deals with the relationship between conditions of massed practice and distributive practice with respect to task performance. The motor skill task performed by subjects in this study wrote the English alphabet upside down fifty times. One group was given the massed practice motor task; while subjects from the five other groups practiced the motor task under five different distributions of time. However, our findings do not suppor t those of previous findings. Our mixed factorial experiment with 51 subjects indicates that neither massed practice conditions or distributive practice conditions were superior. Therefore, the subjects' acquisition of the motor task did not improve as a result of massed or distributed practice, but rather as the result of practice alone. Massed Practice and Distributive Practice Massed practice conditions are those in which individuals practice a task continuously without rest. While distributive practice conditions are those in which individuals are given rest intervals within the practice session. This mixed factorial experiment with 51 subjects deals with the effects of massed practice and distributive practice with respect to acquisition of motor task. The questioned posed in this study is whether distributive practice will be more effective than massed practice in helping individuals to learn motor skill tasks. Scientists have wondered if massed practice conditions are superior to distributive practice conditions or visa versa. A mete-analytic review conducted by Donovan Radosevich researched this very phenomenon and concluded that distributive practices conditions are superior to massed practice conditions with respect to task performance. The analysis consisted of 63 studies with 112 effects sizes yield an overall mean weighted effect size of 0.46, in dicating that individuals in distributive practice condition performed significantly higher that those in massed practice conditions. Like wise these results are supported by Maureen Bergondy's experiment on team practice schedules as well as William C. Chasey's experiment on distribution of practice on learning retention and relearning. Maureen Bergondy's experiment deals with the importance of practice schedules that optimize learning skills. Teams practiced under either a massed or distributive practice schedule and were tested under a short-term or long-term retention intervals. These results support once more the distributive practice effect for learning. William C. Chasey's experiment on distribution of practice on learning retention and relearning was conducted on a group of 72 randomly assigned retarded boys. The stabilometer task was used to study the difference between massed practice and distributive practice on initial acquisition retention, and relearning of gross motor skills. The results of this experiment support the general idea that distributive practice was superior to massed practice conditions for initial skills acquisition. In the present study the task being learned by participants is fairly easy, writing the English Alphabet upside down from right to left. The purpose of the present study is to see if there is a systematic increase of correct letters printed as the periods of rest increase. We also want to see if there is an effect of practice. Furthermore we also want to see if there is an interaction between trials sets and distribution of practice. From the acquired data we hypothesize subjects in conditions 1 will write less letters at trial 30 than subjects in condition 5. This do to the distributive practice condition given to condition 5 oppose to that of the massed practice condition give to condition 1. Method Participants There were fifty-five subjects out of which four were excluded for failure to following instructions. Nineteen Experimental Psychology 213 students from Queens College participated in the experiment as subjects and experimenters to meet a course requirement and 36 subject that where recruited by different students

Four Functions of Management Essay Example

Four Functions of Management Paper In the process of collaborating people and resources to execute company objectives, management strategies these four elements to make the superlative use of materials, time, money, and skills. Planning, organizing, leading, and controlling are interdependent core elements of successful management. Planning Planning delivers a strategic value through the specification of goals and the outlining of pertinent actions for achievement. Value is understood as the monetary gain associated with how well the supply (goods and services) meets the demand (user needs) in terms of efficiency, speed, and quality. Planning can be derived from arioso user sources such as customers, business owners, suppliers, employees, stakeholders, communities, and even whole nations. The objective of planning is to seize opportunities develop, fortify, and uphold competitive advantage. Planning sets the stage for project management (Bateman Snell, 2009). Planning includes duties such as: 1 . Analyzing current arrangement 2. Projecting future situations 3. Establishing objectives 4. Activity engagement 5. Corporate strategies 6. Resource management Recently, my company decided to merge with a sister company to blanket more Mounties for health insurance coverage. My company is currently in the planning phase. The company has decided to merge one department at a time and reassess the scenario for further decision-making. The six step process listed above for planning must be revisited multiple times for the total plan to merge. Organizing Organizing supports the dynamic of an organization through the coordination of informational data, employees, financial accord, physical structure, and company resources. A company needs to remain flexible and adaptable to competition and customer needs. We will write a custom essay sample on Four Functions of Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Four Functions of Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Four Functions of Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Human resource organization strives to attract and retain the most diverse population needed for success (Bateman Snell, 2009). Organizing management castles entail 2. Job duty specification 3. Departmental grouping 4. Allocating capital company attractiveness 5. Cultivate conditions for maximum success My company uses organization strategies through the human resources department. The human resource department is responsible for departmental divisions and the physical organization of the departments location in the companys building. The unman resources department determines Job duties and coordinating salary according to an alphabetical scale the company has developed. One can tell the weight of Job responsibilities and a general salary range through the A through Z grade of a position. Leading Leading is a motivational position in management that involves close contact with people. Leading is predicated on communication with groups and individuals. Leading takes place in the smallest of teams to the largest of executive staff within an organization. Leading functions of a manager give employees motivation to come to ark, while the motivation of executives gives managers inspiration to do their Jobs. Leading gets others to contribute their ideas. Leading is to mobile people towards company objectives through guidance and inspiration (Bateman Snell, 2009). Delegation is a major portion of leading. Effective delegation frees the manager to focus on managerial tasks such as planning and control (Lorena, 2008, 1 2). My company effectively cultivates leading through regular meetings that encourage the thoughts of employees. Discussions are focused on in each meeting to give mattes the opportunity for commentary on process improvement. Controlling Controlling is a learning process that monitors tasks, encourages quality performance, and challenges change. In essence, controlling is quality assurance that organizational goals are being meet, safety guidelines are being followed, and company resources are being used effectively and efficiently. Controlling is ultimately about monitoring performance (Bateman Snell, 2009). In an article titled Pass It On! , the author states, We tend to have the mind-set that says, If you want it done right, do it yourself. After all, how else can we control quality? (Whitman, 2007, 1 2). Controlling is ultimately about quality assurance of execution. An effective manager must be able to entrust employees with the workload duties. My current employer has a quality assurance department which is solely dedicated to monitoring the work of employees through recorded telephone lines and regular paperwork audits. Conclusion Management using the following core elements to use employees and company resources to achieve organizational goals: planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.

Sample of Define Problem Essay - How to Use

Sample of Define Problem Essay - How to UseThe sample of define problem essay presents several reasons to consider the composition. One of the ways that it can help improve your grades is to get through high school in an easier way. If you happen to be wondering how to do this, then there are some things that you will have to do in order to do this.The sample of define problem essay should first be used as a guide to ensure that you can use it properly. This would be crucial for you to get through high school in a successful manner. There are many factors that determine whether you will succeed or not. Some of these factors include your personality, interests, and aptitude. Knowing how to write a sample of define problem essay is one of the ways that you can take advantage of this.It is essential that you understand what it is that defines the problem. You have to be able to identify the main problems that you might encounter when going to college. It will be best if you could discus s with your school counselor if you are unsure about what this definition means.Your writing skills are also important because it would help in gaining higher grades in this subject. However, it is essential that you not forget that no matter how good you are at writing, you still have to do the practice and the revision before making a final decision.Remember that if you want to study well, you also have to learn how to utilize the information that you have acquired from reading and studying. This can be accomplished by reading the sample of define problem essay so that you are able to see how much the content of this definition is beneficial to you.In addition to that, you should also determine how you are going to use your time in high school. For you to realize how much time that you can use in doing this, you can also think about the topic of study. If you have decided on the subject, then the sample of define problem essay can also be used as your reference.Remember that all o f this will be needed for you to be able to make the most out of your time while you are going to high school. When you use the sample of define problem essay, you will be able to figure out how to use the materials that are available for you in order to achieve success.